12. Deyo R, Haselkorn J, Hoffman R, Kent DL. Designing studies of diagnostic tests for low back pain or radiculopathy. Spine 1994; 19 (suppl18): 2057S–2065S.

13. Deyo RA, Rainville J, Kent DL. What can History and physical examination tell us about low back pain? JAMA 1992; 268: 760–765.

14. Enzmann DR, DeLaPaz RL, Rubin JB. Magnetic resonance imaging of the Spine, St. Louis, Mo: CV Mosby Co, 1990: 108–110.

15. Griffey RT, Sodickson A. Cumulative radiation exposure and cancer risk estimates in emergency department patients undergoing repeat or multiple CT. AJR 2009; 192: 887–891.

16. Herzog RJ, Guyer RD, Graham-Smith A, Simmons ED Jr. Magnetic resonance imaging. Use in patients with low back pain or radicular pain. Spine 1995; 20(16): 1834–1838.

17. Jarvik JG, Hollingworth W, Martin B et al. Rapid magnetic resonance imaging vs radiographs for patients with low back pain: A randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2003; 289: 2810–2818.

18. Kosteljanetz M, Bang F, Schmidt-Ohlsen S. The clinical significance of straight leg raising (Lasègue´s sign) in the diagnosis of prolapsed lumbar disc. Interobserver variation and correlation with surgical findings. Spine 1988; 13: 393–395.

19. Modic MT. Degenerative disorders of the Spine. In: Modic MT, Masaryk TJ, Ross JS (eds.). Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Spine. Chicago, Ill; Yearbook Publishers, 1989: 75–119.

20. Pfirrmann CW, Hodler J, Boos N. Diagnostic imaging in lumbar back pain II: Imaging and image guided infiltrations. Schweiz Rundsch Med Praxis 1999; 88: 315–321.

21. Redberg R. Cancer risks and radiation exposure from computed tomographic scans. Arch Int. Med 2009: 169: 2049–2050.

22. Reiser M, Kuhn FP, Debus J. Radiologie. Stuttgart: Thieme, 2004: 59

23. Ron E. Cancer risks from medical radiation. Health Phys 2004; 85(1): 47–59.

24. Schmidt MR, Hodler J. Imaging studies. In: Boos M, Aebi N (Ed.) Spinal Disorders. Berlin: Springer 2008: 227–259.

25. Sheehan NJ. Magnetic resonance imaging for low back pain: indications and limitations. Ann Rheum Dis 2010; 69(1): 7–11.

26. Smith-Bindman R, Lipson J, Marcus R et al. Radiation dose associated with common computed tomography examinations and the associated life-time attributable risk for cancer. Arch Int. Med 2009; 169: 2078–2086.

27. Sodickson A, Baeyens PF, Andriole KP et al. Recurrent CT, cumulative radiation exposure, and associated radiation-induced cancer risks from CT of adults. Radiology 2009; 251: 175–184.

28. Stoller DW, Genant HK, Lang P The Spine. In: Stoller DW ed. Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Orthopaedics and Rheumatology. Philadelphia Pa: JB Lippincott 1989: 322–375.

29. Van Rijn JC, Klemetso N, Reitsma JB, et al. Observer variation in the evaluation of lumbar herniated discs and root compression: spiral CT compared with MRI. Br J Radiol 2006; 79(941): 372–377.

30. Van Tulder MW, Assendelft WJ, Koes BW, Bouter LM. Spinal radiographic findings and non-specific low back pain. A systematic review of the observational studies. Spine 1997; 22: 427–434.

31. Van Tulder MW, Becker A, Bekkerig T. Chapter 3 European Guidelines for the management of acute non-specific low back pain in primary care. Eur SpineJ 2006; 15 (Suppl 2): 169–191.

32. Van Tulder M, Peul WC, Koes B. Sciatica: what the rheumatologist needs to know. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2010; 6(3): 139–145.

33. Van der Windt DA, Simons E, Riphagen II et al. (2010) Physical examination for lumbar radiculopathy due to disc herniation in patients with low-back pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev; 2: CD007431.

34. Vroomen PC, De Krom MC, Wilmink JT, Kester AD, Knottnerus JA. Diagnostic value of history and physical examination in patients suspected of lumbosacral nerve root compression. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2002; 72: 630–634.

35. Wiesel S. The reliability of imaging (computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging) in documenting the cause of spinal pain. J Manipulative Physiol Ther 1992;15(1): 51–53.

Fussnoten

¹ Orthopädische Chirurgie und Traumatologie des Bewegungsapparates, Spitalzentrum Oberwallis

² Klinik I für Innere Medizin, Universitätsklinik Köln

³ Fachärztin für Orthopädie, Aachen

⁴ Klinik für Radiologie und Nuklearmedizin, Medizinisches Zentrum Städteregion Aachen

DOI 10.3238/oup.2012.0394–0398